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COSMETIC QUANDARY - BREEDING FOR ‘BEAUTY’, PRODUCING ‘BRUTES’
By David Hancock

  Any contemporary breed of the domestic dog can be subject to the ignorance of owners who are only seeking a pet they can show off, or associate with some worthless ‘celebrity’ also having one or worse still, bears a breed title that is currently being favoured – whatever its soundness of form or healthy-life expectancy. The French Bulldog and the Pug have replaced past mass-favouritism for Toy breeds like the Chihuahua and the Yorkshire Terrier. All these breeds get punished by popularity; they are bred for the quantity market not quality or conscience; they represent the unacceptable side of capitalism in the dog-owning world! In time, being bred by commercial breeders who prefer quick profits to any welfare considerations, they bring high vets’ bills, lead handicapped lives and cause heartache for their owners. Following a fast-flowing fad or contemporary craving brings sadness to owners, and more importantly, suffering for the animals themselves. In my lifetime, I have seen some breeds destroyed by fickle human desires, like the German Shepherd Dog, spoiled by mindless overbreeding, like the Yorkie, altered to suit some passing whim, like the Bull Terrier’s skull-shape, and exaggerated to meet a weird human desire for freak, often babylike features, whether protruding eyes, a squashed muzzle-less jaw, absurdly-long coat or ‘cute’ but harmful features like mournful eyes from sagging eyelids, bandy or crooked legs or a deep ‘stop’. Beauty is said to be in the eye of the beholder – leading to shallow judgements by unthinking human owners.    

  Writing in the eighteenth century, the Scottish philosopher David Hume gave the view that: "Beauty is no quality in things themselves. It exists merely in the mind which contemplates them." These words could have been written about purebred dogs, and the exhibition of them to set criteria based entirely on appearance. Many members of the public view dog shows as bizarre, a view reinforced by the TV coverage of Crufts, unwittingly highlighting every excess rather than the intended purpose. Unlike game fairs and country shows, most dog shows do not permit un-entered dogs access. This results in less public interest and therefore less understanding of dog breeding and exhibiting. The bigger game fairs can feature a parade of sporting dogs accompanied by a commentary on their breed origins and field use. If the dog-owning, but not dog-showing, public do not feel welcome at conformation dog shows then their understanding of canine matters is not developed. If dog shows are viewed merely as canine beauty contests, how can the merit of the breeding stock on display there ever be respected? Is the prettiest dog the healthiest? Can the pursuit of beauty truly justify every breed configuration? But soundness and health issues apart, have show breeders actually made their various breeds more beautiful?

 It is worth looking at say a breed from each of the Groups in the show ring to verify or dismiss the case for the show ring as a beauty contest. Take the Fox Terrier from the Terrier Group, the Bloodhound from the Hound Group, the Bulldog from Utility, the Mastiff from the Working, the Shetland Sheepdog from Pastoral, the Clumber Spaniel from the Gundog and the Pomeranian from the Toy Group. Put aside the health and welfare aspects of their breeding and overlook the need for every breed to pay homage to the function for which it was designed. Let's just concentrate on beauty, being 'no quality in itself', as Hume argued, whilst acknowledging too the 'eye of the beholder' caveat. In each of these long-established breeds are the current examples perpetuating 'the beauty of the breed'? Breed fanciers might argue that all living creatures can change or evolve into something different over the centuries of their existence. But nature at work is very different from man at work; his motives are not a response to environment but fashion, fad or fetish and are never natural in the true sense. Beware man’s claims for improvement!

 Our dictionaries tell us that beauty is a pleasing combination of qualities, such as shape, proportion and colour, which delight the sight, please one or more of the senses or the mind, a particular grace or excellence. Aesthetic appeal will always be subjective, but beauty of form can still be universally acknowledged, the camera or a painting often conveying this. It's interesting and of value to compare the depictions of breeds in past times to the specimens of those breeds we see in our show rings today. The pictorial record of our breeds of dog is immensely important; it illustrates the historic mould for each breed and can serve to establish breed type, especially when disloyal factions try to lead a breed away from true type to 'their type'.

 A casual new visitor to dog shows will not always be aware that the early specimens were in some breeds markedly different from the type now being sought by breeders. The Fox Terrier hasn't always featured an ant-eater's head; the Bulldog hasn't always been muzzle-less; the Mastiff has not always been so heavy and ponderous or the Pomeranian so tiny. The Bloodhound was once tighter-eyed and tighter-mouthed and far less wrinkled. The Shetland Sheepdog hasn't always been so heavy-coated or so Toy-dog-dainty. Have such changes made each of these breeds more beautiful? Have they been so gradual that fanciers haven't noticed until it's too late? However changes occur, it is simply not honest to claim at say the dog-event 'Discover Dogs', when asked why such a breed looks the way it does, to answer that it's because it always has.

 Sadly far too many breed histories perpetuate former mistakes, misconceptions or misinformation. In many old depictions the Mastiff is portrayed as a very good-looking dog indeed: symmetrical, active, athletic and neither heavy-headed nor loose-lipped. Increasingly, today's specimens are looking more and more like the Alpine Mastiff, which resembled a Smooth St Bernard. The Mastiff was re-created in the 19th century using Great Dane, Alpine and Tibetan Mastiff blood, all of course from overseas. It is absurd to describe the contemporary breed of Mastiff as being the same dog as the one bearing that title two hundred years ago in England or to prize its English heritage. Few would describe today's breed as beautiful but there was a majestic beauty about the big strapping Mastiffs of the early 19th century and before that. The longer coats cropping up in the breed and the much longer ears defy the breed standard but don't seem to deter exhibitors or even judges in today's rings. Historic out-crossings to alien breeds to achieve great size brings other physical attributes too. It certainly hasn't brought good looks to the breed of Mastiff. This once-magnificent breed is no longer awe-inspiring; it was once. 

 The Bulldog is rarely described as a beautiful breed. But my purpose is not to establish whether it is or it isn't, but to ascertain whether the show ring has increased its aesthetic appeal. Before the Pug cross, the Bulldog was, if its depiction then is at all accurate, more symmetrical, more athletic, better proportioned and more pleasing to the eye. 20th century books on the breed omit to mention this outcross, but half a dozen reputable Victorian or Edwardian writers on dogs testify to it taking place. The legacy of Pug blood in the Bulldog is easy to spot: the muzzle-less skull, the wrinkle, the beauty spots, the fawn smut colouration and the trace or darker spinal marking. Outcrosses usually bring long-lasting slow-to-surface features. Thirty years ago a distinguished Pug breeder told me that the problems of obtaining the correct ear carriage in her breed came from the 'unwise introduction of Bulldog blood in the 19th century'. From the pictorial evidence it does not look as though the show ring has improved the Bulldog's appearance.

 The Gundog Group can lay claim to containing the most handsome collection of dogs of any group. The setters especially have a natural grace, beauty of form and absence of exaggeration which make them pleasing to the eye. Beauty of movement however doesn't always accompany such handsomeness. It is so disappointing to see and be ready to admire a startlingly good-looking setter only to groan when it starts to move. For me beauty of movement is inseparable from any judgement of handsomeness of appearance. It may well be that show ring gundogs are better looking than say two hundred years ago, but often only until they start to move. Spaniels too are bred more uniformly and prettier, but I do wish that Clumbers had to be presented in the show ring without the concession in its Breed Standard of eyes that are 'slightly sunk' with 'some haw showing'. Red raw eyes are never a pretty sight.

 Many shooting men complain about excessive coat on a number of gundog breeds and I can see why. But in some pastoral breeds the sheer weight of coat now detracts from the beauty of the breed. The Shetland Sheepdog is required to have a coat that "should fit the body and not dominate or detract from the outline of the dog"; now this breed is more coat than dog! I suspect that within my lifetime the Shetland Sheepdog's coat has doubled in length, which to me spoils the whole appearance of a distinctly handsome breed. The coat no longer fits the outline of the body, it drowns it. No dog could work with such a coat in the pastures. No shepherd would wish to own a dog with such a coat. For me this is a beautiful breed being slowly but surely ruined by its sheer weight of coat. No longer does the coat fit the outline of the body, as demanded by the breed blueprint; the physical beauty of this breed is in peril.

 We have made the Peke into what might be termed ‘a golden tamarin’ rather than a breed of dog. We have made the Pomeranian into a tiny dog. The production of a much tinier version is a matter of choice; my concern is the not the preference for the dwarf variety but the loss of the very beautiful larger one in so doing. The introduction of the Wolfspitz from Germany and the Japanese Spitz has to some extent filled this gap. But we cannot claim that the show ring is producing more beautiful dogs when the bigger Pomeranian is just allowed to disappear. In his Dogs since 1900 (Dakers 1950) Arthur Croxton Smith writes: "My own impression...is that they lost favour with the public as the dogs of medium size, such as people like for companions, were ousted by the tinies, which seem more in place in the show pen than anywhere."  Perhaps the re-emergence of the bigger Pom would reinvigorate public interest in them as companion dogs. It was the larger Pom that attracted the interest of Queen Victoria and led to the breed being favoured in Britain. By withdrawing challenge certificates for dogs over 7lbs the Kennel Club robbed us of a beautiful dog. Time perhaps for an outcross to, say, the Wolfspitz or the Japanese Shiba Inu, to bring back true size and true coat length; today’s Pom is not a classic or vintage Pom but an invented bogus one. Exhibitors are not displaying a Pomeranian in today’s rings but a ‘Pomerette’!

 Why should the Fox Terrier display an elongated head when the Breed Standard lays down "...conformation to show perfect balance - in particular this applies to the relative proportions of skull and foreface..." All the contemporary show ring exhibits feature a long, narrow, disproportionately-elongated skull. When I look at depictions of Fox Terriers by such artists as Wheeler (1881), Steel (1882), Emms (1896), Blinks (1900), Earl (1902), Pirie (1905) and Wardle (1935) and then compare those dogs with the unnaturally-long, narrow-headed specimens of today, there is no doubt in my mind that we have substituted an ugly dog for a much more attractive one. Or were all those artists being inaccurate! Similarly, if you look at Bulldog paintings by say Wright Barker in 1893, Arthur Heyer in 1890 and prints of around 1850 a far more appealing animal is revealed. Ben Marshall's Mastiff of 1799, Bewick’s Mastiff portrayal of 1870 and depictions of Shetland Sheepdogs of the 20th century show much more impressive specimens than we see today. Contemporary fanciers may well disagree, but I wonder if this isn't because they are just conforming with modern fashion (and desiring to win with the altered breed type) rather than favouring it. I found it hard going at Crufts once when explaining breed points to a non-dog show person. She couldn't see why at a beauty contest a Mastiff was able to feature leather-patch-like elbow growths; the pursuit of beauty of form wasn't manifesting itself here.

 Perhaps it is time for the Kennel Club to define what is meant by its self-imposed mandate of improving dogs. Improving means producing something better. The Crufts catch-phrase of 'the best of the very best' is questionable without a definition of what the dogs exhibited are best at. I have no argument at all with the desire to produce handsome dogs but for me a beautiful dog has to have beauty of movement too. Is the lovable but anatomically-handicapped, physically unsound, often hobbling, woefully exaggerated Basset Hound, with its short, crooked legs, painfully loose eye-lids and ground-trailing ears, not more a commentary on mankind’s infliction of ‘ugly beauty’ on the domestic dog? In a new century already dominated by animal welfare concerns, the word soundness should feature more prominently. Soundness before beauty is a worthier claim; the soundest of the sound is a more admirable slogan. Crufts has to be so much more than a beauty contest; it is a livestock show where future breeding stock is assessed. But before it can be regarded more seriously, the fluffy doggie image put forward by the TV programmes, and presumably approved by the show organisers, needs to be shed. 

 Shakespeare wrote that "Beauty is bought by judgement of the eye..." And beauty should appeal to the eye and please the mind. Wallace Stevens wrote that "Beauty is momentary in the mind..." Dogs should merit lasting admiration. But merit, that quality which justifies reward, does more, it lifts the spirit, satisfies the quest for high standards, truly 'wins the soul'. Beauty alone can never be enough, even at a dog show where physical perfection is aimed at, however impossible the task. When a handsome dog displays ugly movement it immediately ceases to be a beautiful dog to me. When a stunningly handsome dog reveals serious anatomical faults, on closer inspection, the charms which struck the sight soon trouble the mind. As Bacon wrote: "There is no excellent beauty that hath not some strangeness in the proportion..." When you know that a strikingly good-looking dog carries hereditary flaws that will be passed on to its offspring, the mind should rebel and the soul take control. The beauty of a show exhibit, stacked for the judge's admiration, can be very temporary. Its genes and their accompanying faults and flaws are permanent. The pursuit of beauty rather than soundness in subject living creatures tells you much more about human indulgence than human wisdom. Surely, we have a duty to the breeds we favour and exhibit ahead of temporary and flawed fashions, often fads pursued by a monied clique, blind to breed history and, far worse, never swayed by the health or comfort of their dogs. Shame on them! Breeding for looks ahead of heritage and health can ruin any breed of purebred dog - and has already spoiled far too many. In the dog world, breeding for beauty can so often, sadly, result in the production of ‘brutes’.